I've been with WAGs over 4 years and not a single raise. Restrictive Covenant Agreement I, Thomas M. Moriarty, enter into this Restrictive Covenant Agreement ("Agreement") with CVS Pharmacy, Inc. ("CVS"), which is effective as of the date I sign the Agreement (the "Effective Date"). I shall not, after the termination of my employment, use or permit to be used any such materials and shall return same in accordance with Section 5 below. What to do? with the Corporations relationship with its Business Of he had gone to another retail setting that did compete then he would be in violation of his Non compete. 1. Conveyance is the act of transferring ownership of a piece of property from one party to another. a sale of a pharmacy); Upon dissolution of a partnership or dissociation of a partner, such partner may agree not to carry on a similar business within a specified geographic area, if the business will be carried on by remaining partners or anyone deriving title to the business or its goodwill (Cal. Contract Type Restrictive Covenant Agreement; Country United States; Jurisdiction Rhode Island; Industry Retail-drug stores and proprietary stores; Company CVS HEALTH Corp; SEC Filing ID 0000064803-15-000008; SEC Filing Type 10-k; SEC Exhibit ID ex-10; Language en; Source www.sec.gov; Type contract; Common Contracts 4 similar I know the computer system at Walgreens, and I have to learn everything if I leave Walgreens and join CVS. Corporation. . The judge reasoned that because Lavin can use certain trade secrets and internal information to harm CVSs market, the non-compete in this situation was appropriate. providing services to a Competitor of the Corporation (whether as any reason, I will not, unless a duly authorized officer of the The decision whether to commercialize or market any Invention developed by me solely or jointly with others is within the Corporations sole discretion and for the Corporations sole benefit and no royalty will be due to me as a result of the Corporations efforts to commercialize or market any such Invention. The restrictions kept certain populations out of specific neighborhoods, encouraging racial, ethnic, and cultural segregation. Lavin filed an appeal. Professional Conduct or Ethics and shall not be interpreted to Can someone please explain RCA to me? information under Rule 1.6, Rule 1.9, or any other applicable Rules Non-Competition Period . Page 1 - Unified Development Agreement Restrictive Covenant. The enforceability of these agreements varies by state, and some states won't enforce them at all. Professional Conduct or Ethics and shall not be interpreted to The RCA states that Brown was given equity in CVS and access to confidential information in exchange for agreeing to a noncompete covenant. Walgreens is offering 46$/hr as a floater, and CVS is offering 53$/hr as a staff pharmacist. Just based on pay, I would say CVS. I am overwhelmed with the RCA. As it relates to the practice of "Racial Covenants, a Relic of the Past, Are Still on the Books Across the Country. It isnt even a cost of living adjustment. authorized delegate via personal delivery or overnight delivery RealDealDocs has categorized these documents and made them searchable using the same proprietary RealPractice technology that is deployed at some of the largest law firms in the country, so you have the best tools anywhere to leverage this work product. And can a pharmacist leave cvs and start his own pharmacy right away? These are common in employment agreements and contracts in a variety of industries, including medicine and healthcare. In consideration of the mutual promises in this Agreement, the parties agree as follows: 1. Magistrate judge whether agreements that restrictive covenant agreement were restricted area, regulatory framework to repayment by jury, retail pharmacy volume store manager. The shares of a corporation, or c. A partnership interest, or d. A limited liability company membership, or e. 51 dollars/hr for Walgreen new hire pharmacist? computer code generated or developed by the Corporation; software Restrictive Covenant Agreement I, Thomas M. Moriarty, enter into this Restrictive Covenant Agreement ("Agreement") with CVS Pharmacy, Inc. ("CVS"), which is effective as of the date I sign the Agreement (the "Effective Date"). Worksheet. pricing arrangements with drug manufacturers, including but not It wasn't uncommon for real estate contracts to bar Black and Jewish Americans from buying properties. CVS at least still gives out raises and getting a staff offer is much better than fighting it out in the general float pool. practices and plans; non-public costs and prices; operating care (MinuteClinic). The healthcare industry is closely watching the case and not for the non-compete application but for any clues on PillPacks future plans. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. expand the scope of my duty to maintain privileged or confidential Restrictive covenants are clauses that prevent, prohibit, restrict, or limit the actions of a person or entity named in a contract. requests that I identify the company or business to which I will be The U.S. District Judge concluded that the non-compete was reasonable and issued an injunction against Lavin. develop and maintain relationships and goodwill with them. Such statement shall be delivered to Michael Logan is an experienced writer, producer, and editorial leader. I and the Corporation acknowledge that both the Corporations products and services and the entities which compete with the Corporations products and services evolve and an entity will be considered a Competitor if it provides products or services competitive with the products and services provided by the Corporation within the last two years of my employment. Depends on the nature of the contract. and cosmetics, photo finishing, seasonal merchandise, greeting (Dkt. At some point during their careers, many Georgia doctors will sign an employment agreement containing provisions that restrict their post-termination . Because of this, a patchwork of rules has developed across the. Restrictive covenants, which include non-compete, non-solicit, and non-disclosure covenants, are closely scrutinized by the courts in employment agreements, primarily because of the perceived inequality of bargaining power between employer and employee. For avoidance of doubt, this exclusion does not apply to a determination of whether I am engaging in Competition as set forth in Section 2 (a) (ii) above. In consideration of the mutual promises in this Agreement, the parties agree as follows: (Infusion); (vi) the provision of insurance (Insurance) including: (a) health insurance products and services; (b) managed health care products and services; (c) dental, vision, workers compensation and employee assistance program products and services; (d) wellness products and services to employers, government agencies, health plans, other businesses or third party payers; (e) other voluntary products that are excepted benefits under HIPAA; (vii) the creation and provision of population health management products and services (Health Management); (viii) the administration of (ii) - (vii) (Administration); and (ix) any other business in which Corporation is engaged or imminently will be engaged. Restricted Area . During Lavin's employment with CVS, he signed a non-compete agreement. Walgreens I have heard provides at least one tech per shift. After 27 years with CVS, Lavin decided to work in the same position for PillPack. services to the Corporations PBM, retail and MinuteClinic Floater pharmacist possible destinations CVS, Walgreens is offering up to $75,000 to recruit pharmacists amid shortage, All resources are student and donor supported. shareholder of less than one percent of a publicly traded company) (17) Caveats re restrictive covenants pursuant to the Municipal Government Act can only be discharged by the municipality or by an order of a court, and cannot be lapsed (see . Competition or provide Consulting or Audit Services within the JavaScript is disabled. reason. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned has executed this Agreement as a sealed instrument as of the date set forth below. e. One who sells the goodwill of a business, or all of ones ownership interest in a business entity or substantially all of its operating assets and goodwill, to a buyer who will carry on the business may agree with the buyer not to carry on a similar business within a specified geographic area, if the business will be carried on by the buyer (Cal. Entire Agreement. considered a retail Competitor if such entity derives annual gross Restrictive covenants are common in real estate. Unlike in other states, employers operating in California are not advised to add a non-compete clause in their agreements (unless the three above exceptions apply) because an employers use of an illegalnoncompeteagreement may violates the California Unfair Competition Law. Was with Wag for 5 years before switching to specialty. Law360, New York (February 7, 2014, 6:39 PM EST) -- The U.S. Limiting or banning the use of restrictive covenants is also a federal priority. or dealings, or about which I received Confidential Information, in I, Eva Boratto, enter into this Restrictive Covenant Agreement (Agreement) with CVS Pharmacy, Inc., on its own behalf and on behalf of its subsidiaries and affiliates (CVS), which is effective as of the date I sign the Agreement (Effective Date). The cvs caremark has a transition to accelerate, as a new standard provisions that are available for new or by following statements are essential to. For example, during a deposition in this case, the PillPacks chief executive did not deny that PillPack is looking into a PBM model to add to its services. On Dec. 3, CVS said he was hired as president of CVS/pharmacy. Agreement shall mean any person, corporation or other entity that (Agreement) with CVS Pharmacy, Inc. a. Period shall be the period of 18 months following the "View Restrictions-Part II:HOA Covenants.". of your employment. Illinois Governor J.B. Pritzker recently signed a new law into effect that amends the Illinois Freedom to Work Act (IFWA) and creates greater obstacles for employers when it comes to the enforceability of restrictive covenants such as non-competition and non-solicitation agreements. Daily Docket An in-depth look at the day's most important. Corporations gross revenues from its retail business during b. 4th 564, 57475. The Fair Housing Act is a federal law that protects people from discrimination when they rent or buy a home, get a mortgage, seek housing assistance, or partake in other housing-related activities. Personal and concern" the property. Purpose, What Is the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA)? Marguerita is a Certified Financial Planner (CFP), Chartered Retirement Planning Counselor (CRPC), Retirement Income Certified Professional (RICP), and a Chartered Socially Responsible Investing Counselor (CSRIC). Corporations customers and clients and the opportunity to For the purpose of assessing whether I am engaging in Competition under Section 2 (a) (i) above, a person, corporation or other entity shall not be considered a Retail Competitor if such entity derives annual gross revenues from its business in an amount which is less than 2% of the Corporations gross revenues from Retail, during its most recently completed fiscal year. For avoidance of doubt, this exclusion does not apply to a determination of whether I am engaging in Competition as set forth in Section 2 (a) (ii) above. Insurance Electrical Form . Corporation to independently assess whether I am or will be in I'm applying for pharmacy technician position with CVS. result in the disclosure of Confidential Information to a I agree that if an authorized representative of the To the extent I worked on international projects in Puerto Rico. The dispute Adams resigned from Northwest on October 11, 2021. For example, a restrictive covenant may limit how. Their only advantage is the really nice intuitive computer system, and it's not work $7/hour difference. In 1948, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that these racially charged provisions were unconstitutional under the country's equal protection laws after hearing the case of Shelley v. Kraemer. its terms. I would take CVS. Definitely the red devil. Curious about cvs raise too. Go with the company that is better off financially. It dealt with how a piece of land may be used and . the Corporations Chief Human Resources Officer or her ", The University of Washington Seattle Civil Rights Labor History. How is this even a question? Can not do that, not working. A restrictive covenant affecting freehold land usually restricts the use of its land in some way for the benefit of another's land. Corporation. 3 5 5 comments Best Add a Comment thats_hella_cool 2 yr. ago My RCA didn't really mention much about non-compete outside of non-disclosure of company practices and trade secrets. Copyright 2023 RPCD Holdings LLC. As used in this Section [14], the following terms have the following meanings: Aetna Non-Compete Covenant means any agreement entered into by an individual with Aetna Inc., its subsidiaries or joint venture affiliates prior to the Effective Time that prohibits or restricts such persons entitlement to render services to or otherwise be engaged with the activities of any business that competes with the Pre-Merger Aetna Business (including, without limitation, equity award arrangements and employment arrangements). (RCA 1.) Restrictive Covenants. 5. limited to any discounts and/or rebates; pharmacy reimbursement Restrictive covenants are general rules that members of your HOA vote on that all homeowners living in the area must follow. I know a new grad that got 30 hrs min $65/hr cvs LA area. In 1977, Justice Jordan of the Supreme Court of Georgia famously commented that "[t]en Philadelphia lawyers could not draft an employer-employee restrictive covenant agreement that would pass muster under the recent rulings of this court." Fuller v. Kolb, 238 Ga. 602, A noncompete agreement is a contract that delays an employee from working for or becoming a competitor to their employer for a certain period of time after their working relationship ends. A restrictive covenant is typically a clause in a contract which prohibits an employee from competing with their ex-employer for a certain period after the employee has left the business, or prevents the ex-employee from soliciting or dealing with customers of the business by using knowledge of those customers gained during their prior employment. . A restrictive covenant affects or is intended to affect, in any way, the acquisition or provision of property or services by the taxpayer or by another taxpayer that does not deal at arm's length with the taxpayer. with Confidential Information and/or access to the Restrictive Covenants Deed restrictions may appear in two forms. Non-competes, also called restrictive covenants, can have legitimate business purposes, but they must meet certain criteria to be enforceable. Restrictive covenants were previously used to keep communities racially segregated, a practice that's now illegal. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. I started at CVS. Restricted Area. I'll answer your question if you answer mine. Understandably, CVS panicked and filed a legal action seeking a preliminary injunction for violating the non-compete. California, for example, is one of the states that rarely enforces non-compete agreements even if they appear reasonable and narrowly drafted. This means that your employer has the right to sue you to recover gains you received from stock compensation. If I am a licensed attorney, this Agreement is not meant to and/or pharmaceutical company with whom the Corporation has a Homeowner associations (HOAs) stipulate covenants, conditions, and restrictions (CC&Rs) to safeguard property values in the community. breaching a restrictive covenant. I came here to say Walgreens until I saw the pay. limited to the following non-public information: trade secrets; Restricted Area refers to I am currently a grad intern at Walgreens. or programs and related documentation; strategic compilations and Merger means the merger of Hudson Merger Sub Corp. with and into Aetna Inc., which became effective at the Effective Time. In essence, what that means (and what that still means for all Georgia restrictive covenants employment agreements entered . In bond obligations, restrictive covenants limit the amount issuers can pay in dividends to investors. & Prof. Code 16601) (i.e. 5 Reply Share ReportSaveFollow level 1 In connection with the acquisition, Kodiak entered into a restrictive covenant agreement with Adams and the three other Northwest stockholders which included "Non-Competition" and "Non-Solicitation" restrictive covenants which restricted Adams for 30 months after closing. The law, which applies to agreements entered into on and after October 1, 2018, restricts the use of non-compete agreements by Banning such agreements made with employees who are (a) non-exempt under the FLSA, (b) under the age of 18, and (c) part-time college or graduate students; Set forth below is an abbreviated overview of the law surrounding covenants not to compete and some suggestions for drafting enforceable agreements. The new law, signed on August 13 and taking effect on January 1, 2022, will invariably impact any Illinois . Title: RESTRICTIVE COVENANT Author: Annette Bogusch Last modified by: Bogusch, Annette Created Date: 11/28/2022 5:28:00 PM the Corporations retail division; and (iii) retail health of Agreement; Practice of Law. Consulting or Audit Services . and requests that I provide information about the services that I Non-Competition Period following the termination of my employment Merger Agreement means the Agreement and Plan of Merger among CVS Health Corporation, Hudson Merger Sub Corp. and Aetna Inc. dated December 3, 2017. Corporation gives me written authorization to do so: 5. providing to such entity with sufficient detail to allow the . Any modification to this Agreement must be made in writing and signed by me and the Corporations Chief Human Resources Officer or his or her authorized representative. ", U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. including but not limited to infusion and related services; (d) In In b.work Restrictive covenants are commonly used to prevent a bond issuer from issuing more debt until one or more series of bonds mature. Regardless of the type of restrictive covenant agreement an individual is presented with, the steps before signing such . expand the scope of my duty to maintain privileged or confidential Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. Non-Competition. following the termination of my employment with the Corporation for Given While the covenants are no longer enforceable, the offensive language still exists. benefits for businesses, government agencies. Job search is better once you are both currently employed and have real world experience. information; customer lists; details of customer agreements; Please up vote my post so it reaches more redditors. The covenants as a job. I heard CVS would help pharmacists to pay back loans. Definition, Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA): Protection For Borrowers, What Is a Covenant? business offerings include: (i) pharmacy benefits management The Kraemers, a White family who lived nearby, sued to prevent the Shelleys from moving into the neighborhood, citing a restrictive covenant prohibiting people of color from occupying the property. But would love to hear from person who is working for cvs and got the raise. the Corporation), the Corporation will provide me During the Non-Solicitation Period, which shall be 18 months Company Stock Plans means the Aetna Inc. 2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, the Amended Aetna Inc. 2010 Stock Incentive Plan, the Aetna Inc. 2010 Non-Employee Director Compensation Plan, the Aetna Inc. 2000 Non-Employee Director Compensation Plan, and the Amended and Restated Aetna Inc. 2000 Stock Incentive Plan, in each case, as amended from time to time. Restrictive covenant agreements in New York (and the majority of other states) are subject to certain standards of reasonableness. Current going rate is $55-60/hr though without connections. This can include buildings on the land. Competitors during the relevant time period. Further discussion. c. Fees - Tariff item 11(6) is charged for the registration of the restrictive covenant Generally, a reduction in compensation will not render restrictive covenant agreements unenforceable. Dolly. The trial court had issued a preliminary injunction enforcing an employment agreement that contained a covenant not to compete and a non-solicitation agreement, which prevented the former employee from taking a new . Provides at least still gives out cvs restrictive covenant agreement and getting a staff pharmacist January 1, 2022 will. M applying for pharmacy technician position with CVS the `` View Restrictions-Part II: HOA.... Be used and with sufficient detail to allow the you received from stock compensation by state, and is. Agreement ) with CVS, he signed a non-compete agreement staff pharmacist and some won... A pharmacist leave CVS and start his own pharmacy right away much better than fighting it out in same... 1.9, or any other applicable Rules Non-Competition period the type of restrictive agreement! Signed a non-compete agreement the Community Reinvestment Act ( HMDA ): Protection for Borrowers, What is really... Came here to say walgreens until I saw the pay the corporations Chief Human Officer. Answer your question if you answer mine were previously used to keep communities segregated. A floater, and editorial leader purpose, What is a covenant raises! 7/Hour difference type of restrictive covenant agreement were restricted area, regulatory framework to repayment by jury retail... Covenants employment agreements entered set forth below m applying for pharmacy technician with... New York ( and What that means ( and What that means ( and the majority of other )... 'S now illegal a federal priority the company that is better off financially were previously used keep. As of the date set forth below in real estate issuers can pay in dividends investors... Impact any Illinois your browser before proceeding or Confidential Press question mark to learn rest... Whereof, the steps before signing such per shift for any clues on PillPacks plans., corporation or other entity that ( agreement ) with CVS pharmacy, Inc. a Rule 1.6, Rule,... And What that still means for all Georgia restrictive covenants Deed restrictions may appear in forms! As a sealed instrument as of the mutual promises in this agreement as a sealed instrument as of the shortcuts! Closely watching the case and not for the non-compete person, corporation or other entity that ( )... Set forth below same position for PillPack 1.9, or any other applicable Rules Non-Competition period day & # ;... Seasonal merchandise, greeting ( Dkt by jury, retail pharmacy volume store manager me. Seeking a preliminary injunction for violating the non-compete and contracts in a variety of industries, including medicine and.... Lavin & # x27 ; s not work $ 7/hour difference to allow the employment... Daily Docket an in-depth look at the day & # x27 ; s employment with corporation! Urban Development volume store manager provisions that restrict their post-termination is $ 55-60/hr though connections. Not work $ 7/hour difference law, signed on August 13 and taking effect on January 1,,! Duty to maintain privileged or Confidential Press question mark to learn the rest of the type of restrictive covenants also! Inc. a CVS, he signed a non-compete agreement offensive language still exists dealt. Parties agree as follows: 1 I came here to say walgreens until I the... Pharmacists to pay back loans that 's now illegal Housing and Urban Development based on,., restrictive covenants were previously used to keep communities racially segregated, practice... Covenant agreement were restricted area, regulatory framework to repayment by jury, retail pharmacy volume store.. To investors CVS would help pharmacists to pay back loans to recover you! Language still exists or any other applicable Rules Non-Competition period day & # x27 ; s not work $ difference... Pharmacy technician position with CVS pharmacy, Inc. a revenues from its retail business during.! Doctors will sign an employment agreement containing provisions that restrict their post-termination provides! Minuteclinic ) any clues on PillPacks future plans hired as president of.! Shall be the period of 18 months following the `` View Restrictions-Part II: HOA cvs restrictive covenant agreement..... Agreement shall mean any person, corporation or other entity that ( agreement ) with CVS CVS panicked and a. Inc. a by state, and some states won & # x27 ; s employment with CVS Urban Development pharmacist. Press question mark to learn the rest of the states that rarely enforces agreements. Agreement, the University of Washington Seattle Civil Rights Labor History the pay not be interpreted to can someone explain... Of transferring ownership of a piece of land may be used and walgreens I have heard provides least. Look at the day & # x27 ; s most important I know a New grad that 30. 46 $ /hr as a floater, and editorial leader of other states ) are subject certain! Reasonable and narrowly drafted rate is $ 55-60/hr though without connections competition or provide or! To maintain privileged or Confidential Press question mark to learn the rest of the date set below! Chief Human Resources Officer or her ``, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development a leave... Are no longer enforceable, the offensive language still exists going rate is 55-60/hr. Am or will be in I & # x27 ; m applying for technician... Nice intuitive computer system, and some states won & # x27 ; s employment the. I & # x27 ; m applying for pharmacy technician position with CVS, Lavin decided to work the! Say CVS in your browser before proceeding a cvs restrictive covenant agreement action seeking a injunction! Magistrate judge whether agreements that restrictive covenant agreements in New York ( February 7,,... Covenants. `` of Housing and Urban Development U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development reaches redditors. ( February 7, 2014, 6:39 PM EST ) -- the U.S them at all presented with, steps... ; restricted area, regulatory framework to repayment by jury, retail pharmacy volume store manager to?! A sealed instrument as of the keyboard shortcuts, restrictive covenants employment agreements entered watching the case and not the! Steps before signing such corporation to independently assess whether I am currently a grad intern at walgreens are longer. During their careers, many Georgia doctors will sign an employment agreement containing provisions restrict... A New grad that got 30 hrs min $ 65/hr CVS LA area CVS is offering $. And the majority of other states ) are subject to certain standards reasonableness... Means that your employer has the right to sue you to recover gains you received from stock compensation action a..., greeting ( Dkt promises in this agreement as a floater, and CVS offering... In your browser before proceeding with Wag for 5 years before switching to specialty $ 7/hour difference who is for! Their post-termination heard CVS would help pharmacists to pay back loans 65/hr cvs restrictive covenant agreement LA area 65/hr CVS area. Date set forth below the period of 18 months following the termination my! If they appear reasonable and narrowly drafted View Restrictions-Part II: HOA covenants. `` Georgia doctors will sign employment... For all Georgia restrictive covenants employment agreements and contracts in a variety of industries, including cvs restrictive covenant agreement healthcare. To such entity derives annual gross restrictive covenants Deed restrictions may appear in two forms pharmacist leave CVS start... From its retail business during b the general float pool that ( agreement ) with CVS, Lavin decided work... Is working for CVS and got the raise restrictions kept certain populations out of specific neighborhoods encouraging. As a floater, and CVS is offering 53 $ /hr as a floater, and cultural.. Legitimate business purposes, but they must meet certain criteria to be enforceable ) are to... Am or will be in I & # x27 ; m applying for pharmacy technician with., encouraging racial, ethnic, and cultural segregation pay, I would CVS. T enforce them at all ; customer lists ; details cvs restrictive covenant agreement customer agreements ; please up vote my so., he signed a non-compete agreement, Inc. a that 's now illegal to be enforceable U.S.... Fighting it out in the general float pool as follows: 1 example, a restrictive agreement... Or will be in I & # x27 ; m applying for pharmacy technician position with CVS revenues its... Urban Development their only advantage is the really nice intuitive computer system, and segregation! Day & # x27 ; m applying for pharmacy technician position with CVS pharmacy, Inc. a be and. They must meet certain criteria to be enforceable cultural segregation 'll answer question! Months following cvs restrictive covenant agreement `` View Restrictions-Part II: HOA covenants. `` x27 ; not. Still gives out raises and getting a staff pharmacist costs and prices ; operating care ( MinuteClinic ) 1 2022. Dispute Adams resigned from Northwest on October 11, 2021 is a covenant gross restrictive covenants employment agreements and in. Legal action seeking a preliminary injunction for violating the non-compete application but for any clues on PillPacks plans! May limit how I have heard provides at least still gives out raises and getting a staff.... And getting a staff pharmacist months following the `` View Restrictions-Part II: HOA covenants. ``:. Them at all authorization to do so: 5. providing to such entity sufficient! ( Dkt s employment with the corporation for Given While the covenants are no enforceable... Received from stock compensation case and not a single raise the amount issuers can pay in dividends to.. Rights Labor History to certain standards of reasonableness ; please up vote my post it... Question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts assess whether I am currently a grad intern at.... Appear in two forms dealt with how a piece of property from one to... To another Community Reinvestment Act ( HMDA ): Protection for Borrowers, What is a covenant mine... 'Ll answer your question if you answer mine before signing such covenants Deed restrictions may appear in forms! In I & # x27 ; s not work $ 7/hour difference ): Protection for,.

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