The Middle East and the West: WWI and Beyond World War I completed the European takeover of the Ottoman Empire's territories in the Middle East, and the region's modern boundaries emerged. The tyrannical empire of the Assyrians was replaced (6th4th century bce) by that of the Persians, in strong contrast to the Assyrian in its liberal treatment of subjected peoples, assuring it long duration. What policy did Mohammad Mossadegh implement in Iran? Many promises were left unfulfilled, however, as cultural communities such as the Kurds were left with no territory of their own. For 600 years, the Ottoman Empire dominated much of what we now call the Middle East. When the Company lost control, the British government took over India. Some states of the developing world have accused the former colonial powers and other nations of neocolonialism. The Arab Nation: Nationalism and Class Struggle. It argued that the Arabs revolting against the Turks on the advice of the unbelievers (i.e. Imperialism in the 19th Century took place all over the world and changed the course of history. said, edward; In the Scramble for Africa, the Europeans divided the country among themselves without concerning about the relationships between different regions. But they also have a lot to do with colonialism. On the right is a zoomed-in portion of the map that shows the Suez Canal and how it connects the Mediterranean and Red Seas. Britain's Moment in the Middle East 19141971, new revised edition. During the First World War, the Ottomans sided with the Central Powers against Britain and France. That expansion did not seriously affect the Maghreb or Egypt, however, until the nineteenth century, and, except economically, it did not affect the most populous areas of southwest Asia until the early twentieth century. You had a little bit there. Some of these include: British rule in India had both negative and positive effects on India. The first positive impact European Imperialism had on the world is education. People of different classes united and fought against the colonial power, so evident in India and Vietnam. Imperialism was nothing new in the world when European expansion began impacting the Middle East. The following excerpt from T.E Lawrences intelligence memo in January 1916 proves it:The Revolt is beneficial to us, because it marches with our immediate aims, the breakup of the Islamic bloc and the defeat and disruption of the Ottoman Empire, and because the states [Sharif Hussein] would set up to succeed the Turks would beharmless to ourselvesThe Arabs are even less stable than the Turks. Imperialism has greatly shaped the contemporary world. Explains that globalization is a complex phenomenon characterized by massive economic expansion and technological innovation, while increasing inequality . Also, the rise of modern Islamic thought as an alternative to existing world ideologies has challenged the concept of the nation-state as a part of the broader challenge to the Western discourse on modernity. This was during a period when most of the rulers in the region were trying to modernize their states and rival the West both militarily and financially. . There are many that are for imperialism but also many who are against it. What countries does the region include? Their goal was to gain the most wealth and to have the most territory. And they had to account for new kinds of imperialism, which no longer had a European face. Schools and hospitals were built. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. Expansion of a states control over territories and peoples beyond its borders is likely to lead to friction, hence insecurity, because the safety zones and spheres of influence of competing nations are bound to overlap sooner or later. Imperialism can be used as an act of expanding used as an act of developing a countrys empire through the use of force, colonization, or coercion. (416) 968-4111 In taking over so many regions, the Turkish-speaking armies of the sultans created an empire that included many different linguistic, religious, and ethnic groups, in which Turks were always a minority. Egyptian cotton, Algerian wine, and Iranian oil flowed into international markets, and the Suez Canal was profitable, but the cost of military occupation in the face of rising nationalist hostility, and the cost of infrastructure investment, limited though it was in most areas, brought the economic value of imperialism into question. For instance, many European methods of education were adopted, and the studies of liberty and democracy led to the Enlightment, as well as many political revolutions. After the First World War,the contours of the major nation-states of todays Middle East were delineated. Marxist theoreticians interpret imperialism as a late stage of capitalism wherein the national capitalist economy has become monopolistic and is forced to conquer outlets for its overproduction and surplus capital in competition with other capitalist states. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Western imperialism, characterized by a colossal power inequality between the colonizers, located in the west, and the colonized, located in the East, was owing to the Middle East regions' potentials of industrialization, geographical locations and most importantly, oil. There are many reasons why imperialism occurs, including motives from an economic standpoint, as well as just a way to show and achieve power. Your answer probably depends on where you live. Because it always involves the use of power, whether military or economic or some subtler form, imperialism has often been considered morally reprehensible, and the term is frequently employed in international propaganda to denounce and discredit an opponents foreign policy. Imperialism, or globalization in a different term, had upon the world far-reaching impacts throughout history in many aspects, such as political, cultural and economic. Finally, the Ottomans generally administered their territories with a lighter hand than did the Europeans. However, imperialism had far-reaching negative effects which outweighed their positive effects. These motives tend to believe its purpose is gaining additional wealth, power, and control. Imperialism is the action of a country taking over another country. The fourth group of arguments is based on moral grounds, sometimes with strong missionary implications. We cover the concept of a stateless nation and provide other examples inthis chapter as part of a discussion on the national identities of the Middle East of today. Corrections? Why did he take these actions and what was the result? Socially, the negative impression of imperialism evolved into loss of religion, population and dignity. In imperialism, the stronger countries took over the weaker countries and used them for their resources which improved their economy. They have joined his religion and they help to uphold his government. (Achebe, 155) Another way imperialism destroyed cultures began at the Berlin Conference where Europeans met up to divide Africa. Their fear is that the granting of aid or the supply of skilled personnel for economic and technical development might be an imperialist guise. The main forces driving European Imperialism in Africa were the capabilities of the European countries economies and the opportunity for more wealth and money. Western Imperialism in the Middle East, 1914-1958 David K. Fieldhouse Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006, ISBN: 9780199287376; 400pp. Incorporated: 1880 a, The relatively uncritical adoption of first European and then North America cultural and sociopolitical attitudes and practices on the part of the no, Imperialism (Possession of Colonies) Issue, Imperial Valley College: Narrative Description, Imperialism, Colonialism, and Decolonization. Imperialism is excused as the means of liberating peoples from tyrannical rule or of bringing them the blessings of a superior way of life. Empire and Imperialism: Middle East. Many people in the region resented the foreign domination and sought to assert their own national identity and independence. Legally, the mandate from the League of Nations to France and Britain required them to nurture these territories toward total independence, but these countries' motivation to do so (strongest in Iraq and weakest in Lebanon and western Palestine) was often adversely affected by issues of national interest. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The liberal ideas and emphasis on equality and human rationality affected the plight of women profoundly and favorably. Imperialism is generally defined as a phenomenon that began with the overseas expansion of Europe in the fifteenth century. These resources couldnt be found in European countries, so they were forced to go to places like Africa to get them. Imperialization had an entirely different effect on Africa, Latin America, and Asia. Empire, imperial, and imperialism are ter, THE CAUSE OF DECOLONIZATION Many Americans and Europeans believe that there was many good reasons for imperialism. The word "Imperialism" has a negative impression. Public Company Imperialism for them is part of the natural struggle for survival. Last but not least, imperialism stripped countries off their natural resources and left nothing for the natives. Positive Effects The imperialistic nations built roads, canals, and railways in the colonies of Asia and Africa. They established many new industries in these colonies for their own benefit. Colonialism, resistance, regional conflicts, and global Cold War confrontations all swirl in the waters of the Suez Canal. Nasser and Mossadegh both nationalized important resources in their countries. Imperialism is the domination of one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country. . Key Figure: Ayatollah Khomeini Negative Effects By breaking up the age-old patterns of the agrarian economy in the colonies and by forcing them to grow commercial crops, they destroyed the self-sufficiency of their rural society. They made land revenue policies according to their own benefits and charged exorbitant land revenue and evicted the farmers from their land in case of non-payment. Most also claim that they helped the countries they were imperializing, but the Europeans were actually hurting them. Diverse Religious Identities of the Middle East, Prayer, A Part of Daily Life for Muslims Around the World, The Mystical Tradition of Sufism, or Tasawwuf, The Middle East and the Impact of Imperialism, The U.S. and Post-Bandung Imperial Dominance, The Middle East Studies Center at the Ohio State University, Chapter Three: The Middle East and the Impact of Imperialism, Map: Kurdish Territory By 1914, the Ottoman Sultans ruled a crumbling empire. Related to the security argument is the argument that nations are inevitably imperialistic in their natural search for power and prestige. Reports of slave experiences were brought back to Europe by various explorers and abolitionists called for an end to the slave. After World War I, many of these countries were indeed "reincarnated" as they began to rebuild after sustaining the impacts of war, famine and cultural hegemony. In the late nineteenth century, a new canal in Egypt reshaped global networks. However, British interests in the region were not just for strategic reasons like the lifeline to India. By the early twentieth century, it was fairly certain that the region had the largest oil reserves in the world. Three areas are left uncolored and marked with the letters A, B, or C to signify that they are independent Arab states. Direct or indirect control exerted by one nation over the political life or economic life (or both) of other nations. In my opinion, The Age. This was the view held, for instance, by Vladimir Lenin and N.I. The imperialistic nations made huge profits using the resources of their colonies. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. However, the real damage to the Middle East was done after the First World War. This can drive a person to think that their country is the most powerful, and in essence drives that person mad with power and a hunger to conquer, which not ironically is exactly what many countries did. Huntington, Samuel. These effects lead directly into imperialism and the need to imperialize. European imperialism boosted Europes economy, and made them a world power. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1967. As Ferguson said, "everybody did empire" (2011). What are the first words that come to mind when you hear the term "the Middle East"? Had it not been for imperialism, the world today would consist of more diverse cultures with less discrimination and countries would be able to use their resources as they. Some countries may develop slower than others, but that doesnt automatically mean they require assistance. Economic collapse, war, forced migration and famine carved new contours into the region we now know as the Middle East, and created new cultural identities. OF DECOLONIZATION In 1900, primarily for strategic reasons, France began the occupation of the territory that subsequently became Mauritania, and in 1912, in partnership with Spain, it imposed a protectorate on the sultanate of Morocco.

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